The effect of a non-uniform pulse-width modulated magnetic field with different angles on the swinging ferrofluid droplet formation

Mohamad Ali Bijarchi; Amirhossein Favakeh; Mohammad Behshad Shafii

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.84, 106-119, April, 2020

DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2019.12.026 Export Citation

The effect of a non-uniform pulse-width modulated magnetic field with different angles on the swinging ferrofluid droplet formation

Mohamad Ali Bijarchi, Amirhossein Favakeh, and Mohammad Behshad Shafii^†

Mechanical Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

E-mail:

In this study, ferrofluid droplet formation from a nozzle in the presence of a non-uniform Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) magnetic field with different angles was studied experimentally. A Drop-on-Demand platform was introduced and three different regimes of droplet formation were observed. The regime map of the droplet formation was presented. A new type of droplet formation evolution was observed in which the droplet is formed while it is swinging around the nozzle, and the satellite droplet is not generated in this regime. The effects of five important parameters including magnetic flux density, applied magnetic frequency, duty cycle, distance between the nozzle and the center of the upper surface of the coil, and the angle of magnetic coil with respect to gravity on droplet diameter, formation frequency, number of pulses for one droplet generation, and droplet formation evolution were investigated. Results demonstrated that by increasing the magnetic flux density and duty cycle, and by decreasing applied magnetic frequency, the droplet diameter decreases, whereas the formation frequency increases. Also, the minimum droplet diameter was observed at the distance of 10 mm and the angle of 45°. Finally, a correlation for dimensionless droplet diameter was proposed with an average relative error of 2.8%.

Keywords:Droplet formation;Ferrofluid;Varying magnetic field;Swinging droplet;Satellite droplet;Correlation

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[2] Abad MZS, Ebrahimi-Dehshali M, Bijarchi MA, Shafii MB, Moosavi A, Heat Transf. Asian Res., 48, 2700 (2019)

[3] Esmaeilnezhad E, Van SL, Chon BH, Choi HJ, Schaffie M, Gholizadeh M, Ranjbar M, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 58, 319 (2018)

[4] Garstecki P, Fuerstman MJ, Stone HA, Whitesides GM, Lab Chip, 6, 437 (2006)

[5] Ma R, Zhang Q, Fu T, Zhu C, Wang K, Ma Y, Luo G, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 65, 272 (2018)

[6] Dang TD, Kim YH, Kim HG, Kim GM, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 18(4), 1308 (2012)

[7] Sontti SG, Atta A, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 65, 82 (2018)

[8] Li Z, Leshansky A, Pismen L, Tabeling P, Lab Chip, 15, 1023 (2015)

[9] Aboutalebi M, Bijarchi MA, Shafii MB, Hannani SK, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 447, 139 (2018)

[10] Ghaderi A, Kayhani MH, Nazari M, Fallah K, Eur. J. Mech. B: Fluids, 67, 87 (2018)

[11] Zhang Q, Li H, Zhu C, Fu T, Ma Y, Li HZ, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 537, 572 (2018)

[12] Kahkeshani S, Di Carlo D, Lab Chip, 16, 2474 (2016)

[13] Bijarchi MA, Favakeh A, Sedighi E, Shafii MB, Sens. Actuators A: Phys., 111753 (2019).

[14] Tan SH, Nguyen NT, Phys. Rev. E, 84, 036317 (2011)

[15] Wu Y, Fu T, Ma Y, Li HZ, Soft Matter, 9, 9792 (2013)

[16] Ma R, Fu T, Zhang Q, Zhu C, Ma Y, Li HZ, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 54, 408 (2017)

[17] Richards JR, Beris AN, Lenhoff AM, Phys. Fluids, 7, 2617 (1995)

[18] Scheele GF, Meister BJ, AIChE J., 14, 9 (1968)

[19] Pan Y, Suga K, J. Fluids Eng., 125, 922 (2003)

[20] Jiang XF, Li HZ, Phys. Rev. E, 92, 061003 (2015)

[21] Jiang XF, Wu YN, Ma Y, Li HZ, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 115, 262 (2016)

[22] Fabian M, Burda P, Svikova M Hunady R, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 431, 196 (2017)

[23] Ray A, Varma VB, Jayaneel P, Sudharsan N, Wang Z, Ramanujan RV, Sens. Actuators B-Chem., 242, 760 (2017)

[24] Basu AS, Lab Chip, 13, 1892 (2013)

[25] Wang W, Ngan KH, Gong J, Angeli P, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 334, 197 (2009)

[26] Barhate R, Patil G, Srinivas N, Raghavarao K, J. Chromatogr. A, 1023, 197 (2004)

[27] Zhang K, Liang Q, Ai X, Hu P, Wang Y, Luo G, Lab Chip, 11, 1271 (2011)

[28] Lanauze R, Harris I, Chem. Eng. Sci., 29, 1663 (1974)

[29] Qiu M, Afkhami S, Chen CY, Feng JJ, J. Fluid Mech., 846, 121 (2018)

[30] Liravi M, Pakzad H, Moosavi A, Nouri-Borujerdi A, Prog. Org. Coat., 1140, 105537 (2020)

[31] Saadat M, Shafii MB, Ghassemi M, Chem. Engineer. Processing-Process Intensification 147, 107727 (2020).