lBiomedical grade (>99.97% purity) alumina, zirconia and zirconia-toughened-alumina (ZTA) have been implanted with carbon ions at a dose of 5 x 10(17) C ions/cm(2) using an ion energy of 75 keV. The near-surface hardness of these bioceramics was examined using a load partial-unload indentation technique, both before and after implantation. The surfaces of the bioceramics have also been examined in cross-section using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) both before and after implantation and the implantation data correlated with a computer based simulation, TRIM ( Transport and Range of Ions in Matter). The grinding and polishing treatment used prior to the implantation treatment has been found to have a strong influence on the surface microstructures for all three ceramics, although more significant modifications are brought about by carbon ion implantation. A comparison was made between the near-surface hardness of the unimplanted and carbon ion implanted surfaces of these bioceramics with relation to the modified microstructure. TEM examination of the implanted surfaces has demonstrated the formation of a sub-surface amorphous layer in all three materials as well as other microstructural modifications, such as microcracking and an increase in the near-surface dislocation density, that are characteristic of ion damage. The hardness data reveals that carbon ion implantation tends to decrease the surface hardness of alumina and zirconia with increasing ion dose, with a significant decrease occurring at the immediate near surface for both materials. (C) 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.