The influence of oxygen (O-2) and carbon monoxide (CO) on Au nanoparticles supported on TiO2(1 1 0) in the size range of 2-3 nm has been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and in situ (high pressure) XPS at 300 K for O-2 and/or CO pressures of 0.1-1 mbar. These experiments were aimed at revisiting Au 4f core level shifts as reported in the literature and most importantly, to establish the dependence of the core-level shifts on the knowledge that there exists a maximum in reactivity for CO oxidation. Two samples were prepared with a coverage corresponding to that maximum (Au coverage 0.14-0.2 ML, particle size estimated to similar to 2-2.5 nm) while a third sample was expected to be less reactive (Au coverage 0.4 ML, particle size estimated to similar to 3.3 nm). At elevated O-2 pressures, a new Au 4f component at higher binding energy (2.4-2.6 eV relative to the Au(0) bulk signal) evolved at all particle sizes. Its appearance was attributed to a radiation-induced activation of oxygen and simultaneous oxidation of gold. The activation was much more efficient on the similar to 2-2.5 nm particles. The relative intensity of the oxide component depended strongly on O-2 pressure and, thus, on the equilibrium coverage of O-2. While not present in 0.1 mbar O-2 regardless of exposure time and particle size, it dominated the Au 4f spectrum of particles similar to 2-2.5 nm in size at 1 mbar oxygen pressure. This pressure-dependent formation reconciles previously conflicting XPS data. Finally, the activated oxygen species were very reactive toward CO as manifested by the rapid disappearance of the new Au 4f component in a 1:1 mixture of CO and O-2. The rates of evolution and consumption of this component were found to depend on gold coverage (and thus, particle size) and were highest for the smaller particles. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.