In this study, oil-based drill cuttings were washed by a rhamnolipid solution and then subjected to bioremediation in stainless steel boxes using sawdust as bulking agent. A mixed bacterial culture, mainly containing Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Agrobacterium, and Comamonas, was used as inoculums. Approximately 83% of organics were removed after washing under optimal conditions (liquid/solid ratio, 3:1; washing time, 20 min; stirring speed, 200 rpm; rhamnolipid concentration, 360 mg/L; temperature, 60 degrees C), and the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration of the cuttings dropped from 85,000 to 12,600 mg/kg. In the bioremediation stage, concentrations of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons decreased to 2140 and 1290 mg/kg, respectively, after 120 days. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry demonstrated that oxygen- and nitrogen-containing compounds had undergone biodegradation. The results of this study indicate that this two-stage remedial system can reduce treatment time and increase treatment efficiency as compared with a single bioremediation or washing treatment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.