A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic (AAA) activated Sludge wastewater treatment system was employed to investigate the effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and sludge retention time (SRT) on the removal and fate of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In the range from 5 to 14 h, HRT had no significant effect on DEHP removal. However, longer HRT increased DEHP accumulation in the system and DEHP retention in the waste sludge. When SRT was increased from 15 to 25 d, DEHP removal efficiency stayed above 96%. Compared to the removal of only 88% at SRT of 10 d, longer SRT enhanced DEHP degradation efficiency. The optimal HRT and SRT for both nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and DEHP removal were 8 h and 15 d. At these retention times, about 71% of DEHP was degraded by the activated sludge process, 26% was accumulated in the system, 2% was released in the effluent, and 1% remained in the waste sludge. The anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic reactors were responsible for 15%, 19% and 62% of the overall DEHP removal, respectively. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.