There is a considerable challenge in accurate characterisation of gold (Au) particles in low-grade plant ore mineral samples. This is particularly true for automated mineralogical tools such as X-ray micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), where the need for statistically meaningful numbers of particles requires many sections to be analysed. Whiles the Vertical Gas Stream (VGS) elutriator is suitable for coarse particle upgrading (i.e. >38 mu m), the performance is poor for finer particles (i.e. <38 mu m). Consequently, the system has been modified to Vertical Water Stream (VWS) elutriator using higher density fluid (i.e. water) to enable analysis of Au particles below 38 mu m. In this work, the VGS system was used to upgrade Au particles in the -53 + 38 mu m size fraction (in rougher concentrate, rougher tailings, regrind mill discharge and regrind cyclone underflow) and the VWS system was used to upgrade Au particles in the -38 mu m size fraction of the regrind mill discharge sample. The VWS elutriator was calibrated using galena (specific gravity, S.G. of 7.58) and quartz (S.G. of 2.65) particles of <38 mu m size as model minerals. From the calibration tests, partition curves as a function of particle size were generated. Using these measurements, theoretical partition curves for Au (S.G. of 19.3) have been calculated. The VWS concentrate was characterised using Micro-CT and compared with SEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of -53 + 38 mu m ore size fraction of the VGS concentrate of the four sample streams. The Micro-CT analysis of VWS Au concentrate showed that sufficient particles (Au) can be upgraded. SEM/EDX results indicate that regrind does not affect changes in free Au particle morphology, aspect ratio and frequency of shearing damage in the -53 + 38 mu m size fraction. Cyclone classification of the regrind mill discharge in the -53 + 38 mu m size fraction appears to perform surface cleaning by exposing obscuring silver (Ag) surfaces on Au particles in the mill discharge sample. (C) 2012 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. All rights reserved.