Langmuir, Vol.27, No.12, 7934-7943, 2011
Reactive Layer-by-Layer Deposition of Poly(ethylene imine) and a Precursor of TiO2: Influence of the Sodium Chloride Concentration on the Film Growth, Interaction with Hexacyanoferrate Anions, and Particle Distribution in the Film
Films prepared according to a layer-by-layer (LBL) manner find increasing importance in many applications such as coatings with dedicated optical or electronic properties, particularly when including nanomaterials. An alternative way to prepare such hybrid layer-by-layer coatings is to perform sol gel chemistry in a layer-by-layer manner. In this article, we highlight the importance of the NaCl concentration as a parameter to control the growth as well as the properties of LBL films made from poly(ethylene imine) as the organic counterpart and titanium IV (bisammoniumlactato)dihydroxyde ([Ti(lac)(2)(OH)(2)](2-)) as the precursor of TiO2. An increase in the sodium chloride concentration leads to the faster growth of the film and to a decrease in the number of hexacyanoferrate anions remaining in the film after a buffer rinse. This may be due to a progressive increase in the fraction of negatively charged TiO2 as suggested by transmission electron microscopy. In the presence of 0.5 M NaCl, the fraction of TiO2 is close to 60% in mass. As a surprising finding, the films produced from 0.15 M NaCl are not homogeneously filled with TiO2 even if the film is produced in an LBL fashion. The increased concentration of TiO2 at the film solution interface could constitute a barrier for the incorporation of the negatively charged redox probe.