The Effect of N-Acetylcysteine Addition on the Polymerization Behavior of PMMA Bone Cement

Yanping Cheng; Hyeong-Cheol Yang; Jae-Hyung Cho; Sang-Hyuk Lee; Bum-Soon Lim

Macromolecular Research, Vol.20, No.9, 928-938, September, 2012

DOI10.1007/s13233-012-0132-0 Export Citation

The Effect of N-Acetylcysteine Addition on the Polymerization Behavior of PMMA Bone Cement

Yanping Cheng, Hyeong-Cheol Yang, Jae-Hyung Cho, Sang-Hyuk Lee, and Bum-Soon Lim^†

Dental Research Institute and Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-749, Korea

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N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known thiol-containing antioxidant, may alleviate the toxicity of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement through the inactivation of the monomer components in the cement by its sulfhydryl moiety. This study aimed to reveal the effects of the NAC on the polymerization heat, degree of conversion (DC), mechanical properties, and residual monomer release of PMMA bone cement. The addition of NAC (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 wt%) to PMMA powder significantly reduced the maximum polymerization temperature and steadily delayed the setting time. The DC of all experimental PMMA bone cements reached as high as 91% after 7 days of incubation, as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The experimental groups showed steady declines in flexural strength and surface hardness as a fraction of increasing NAC. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of the experimental groups increased with the duration of time. The amount of methyl methacrylate (MMA) leached into deionized water was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was found to increase with an immersion time up to 24 h, after which no subsequent change was observed. The results showed a linear correlation between the thermal and mechanical properties and the released MMA with the DCs of the experimental groups. The potential usefulness of NAC in developing more biocompatible PMMA bone cement for increased working performance was highlighted in this study.

Keywords:PMMA bone cement;N-acetylcysteine;polymerization behavior;degree of conversion;monomer release.

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[2] Schmid-Schwap M, Rousson V, Vornwagner K, Heintze SD, J. Prosthet. Dent., 102, 104 (2009)

[3] Rantala LI, Lastum ki TM, Peltom ki T, Vallittu PK, J. Oral Rehabil., 30, 501 (2003)

[4] Kuehn KD, Ege W, Gopp U, Orthop. Clin. North Am., 36, 17 (2005)

[5] Saha S, Pal S, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 18, 435 (1984)

[6] Eriksson RA, Albrektsson T, J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 42, 705 (1984)

[7] Dunne NJ, Orr JF, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 13, 17 (2002)

[8] Wu X, Sun Y, Xie W, Liu Y, Song X, Dent. Mater., 26, 456 (2010)

[9] Urban VM, Machado AL, Vergani CE, Jorge EG, Santos LPS, Leite ER, Canevarolo SV, Mater. Res., 10, 191 (2007)

[10] Bartoloni JA, Murchison DF, Wofford DT, Sarkar NK, J. Oral Rehabil., 27, 488 (2000)

[11] Urban VM, Machado AL, Vergani CE, Giampaolo ET, Pavarina AC, de Almeida FG, Cass QB, Dent.Mater., 25, 662 (2009)

[12] Amirouche-Korichi A, Mouzali M, Watts DC, Dent.Mater, 25, 1411 (2009)

[13] Kawahara T, Nomura Y, Tanaka N, Teshima W, Okazaki M, Shintani H, J. Dent., 32, 277 (2004)

[14] Sadamori S, Shigeto N, Hamada T, Okuda K, Aust.Dent. J., 35, 509 (1990)

[15] Rueggeberg FA, Dent. Mater., 10, 282 (1994)

[16] Smith DC, Bains MED, J. Dent. Res., 35, 16 (1956)

[17] Duray SJ, Gilbert JL, Lautenschlager EP, Dent.Mater., 13, 240 (1997)

[18] Giunta J, Zablotsky N, Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol., 41, 631 (1976)

[19] Kedjarune U, Charoenworaluk N, Koontongkaew S, Aust. Dent. J., 44, 25 (1999)

[20] Gon Alves TS, Morganti MA, Campos LC, Rizzatto S, Menezes LM, Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., 129, 431 (2006)

[21] Nunes MJA, Braun KO, Rached RN, Del Bel CAA, J. Prosthet. Dent., 89, 598 (2003)

[22] Celebi N, Yuzugullu B, . Canay S, Yucel U, Polym. Adv. Technol., 19, 201 (2008)

[23] Harrison A, Belton EL, Meades K, J. Dent., 5, 334 (1977)

[24] Gillissen A, Nowak D, Respir. Med., 92, 609 (1998)

[25] Kojima N, Yamada M, Paranjpe A, Tsukimura N, Kubo K, Jewett A, Ogawa T, Dent. Mater., 24, 1686 (2008)

[26] Att W, Yamada M, Kojima N, Ogawa T, Acta Biomater., 5, 391 (2009)

[27] Aita H, Tsukimura N, Yamada M, Hori N, Kubo K, Sato N, Maeda H, Kimoto K, Ogawa T, J. Biomed. Mater.Res. Part A., 92A, 285 (2010)

[28] Tsukimura N, Yamada M, Aita H, Hori N, Yoshino F, Chang-Il Lee, Kimoto K, Jewett A, Ogawa T, materials., 30, 3378 (2009)

[29] International Standard Organization, Implants for Surgery-Acrylic Resin Cement, ISO 5833 (2002)

[30] Endogan T, Serbetci K, Hasirci N, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 113(6), 4077 (2009)

[31] International Standard Organization, Dentistry-Polymer-Based Restorative Materials, ISO 4049 (2009)

[32] Kiec-Swierczynska M, Contact Derm., 34, 419 (1996)

[33] Geurtsen W, Leyhausen G, J. Dent. Res., 80, 2046 (2001)

[34] Schweikl H, Spagnuolo G, Schmalz G, J. Dent Res., 85, 870 (2006)

[35] Yamada M, Ogawa T, Acta Biomater., 5, 2963 (2009)

[36] Gillissen A, Bartling A, Schoen S, Schultze-Werninghaus G, Lung., 175, 235 (1997)

[37] Ferracane JL, Greener EH, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 20, 121 (1986)

[38] Tuusa SMR, Puska MA, Lassila LVJ, Vallittu PK, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 16, 15 (2005)

[39] Vallo CI, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 63, 627 (2002)

[40] Madrala A, Nuno N, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B: Appl. Biomater., 93, 258 (2010)

[41] Xie D, Park JG, Zhao J, Turner CH, J. Biomater.Appl., 22, 33 (2007)

[42] Xie D, Park JG, Zhao J, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 103(5), 2977 (2007)

[43] Marghalani HY, Mater. Res., 13, 81 (2010)

[44] Belkoff SM, Maroney M, Fenton DC, Mathis JM, Bone., 25, 23S (1999)

[45] Goncalves TS, de Menezes LM, Silva LEA, Angle Orthod., 78, 722 (2008)

[46] Mattila RH, Puska MA, Lassila LVJ, Vallittu PK, J. Mater. Sci., 41(13), 4321 (2006)

[47] Lee SY, Lai YL, Hsu TS, Eur. J. Oral Sci., 110, 179 (2002)