A systematic investigation on the structure and stability of the four conformers of the protonated dialanine cation (transA1, transA2, transO1, cisA3) was performed employing the HF, MP2, and hybrid DFT methods with various basis sets which ranged from the 6-31G* to the basis set larger than the correlation consistent aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. It is found that the backbone dihedral angles and energies of the conformers are sensitive to the electron correlation level and basis set, especially manifesting slow convergence of conformer structure and energetics with basis set at the MP2 level. At the MP2 basis set limit corrected by CCSD(T) correlation effect, the lowest transA1 conformer is almost isoenergetic with the cisA3 conformer, followed by the transA2 conformer (similar to 0.5 kcal/mol above transA1), and, last, the transO1 conformer (similar to 1.2 kcal/mol above transA1). Vibrational and thermal (entropic) factors appear to have an important effect on the relative stability between conformers at room temperature, reducing the energy difference between transA1 and transA2 conformers and making cisA3 higher in energy than transA1 or transA2, which is in accord with the recent infrared multiphoton dissociation experimental data on this cation. According to the polarizable continuum model calculations, solvation of protonated dialanine in water would significantly enhance the stability of the transA2 conformer, making it most populated in aqueous solution at room temperature. Among the tested hybrid DFT methods in this study, B3LYP/6-31G* was found to be the most effective for predicting the conformational structures and relevant stability of protonated dialanine cation in the gas phase.