Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been applied to visualize expanded linear chain and compact crystalline conformations of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (PE) molecules deposited on mica and graphite from diluted solutions at elevated temperatures. Isolated PE chains are visualized on mica with the apparent negative AFM height and the contour length much shorter than the molecular length. The chain conformations have both the kinked random-coil sites and the sites of the unexpectedly large two-dimensional expansion. The crystalline conformations on mica are small single-molecule rod-like nanocrystallites and the isolated block-type "edge-on" nanolamellae comprising several PE molecules. Noticeable fluctuations of the fold length in the range of approximately 10-20 nm around the averaged value of about 15 nm are observed for nanocrystallites and on tips of some nanolamellae. The explanation of the experimentally observed features of chain surface conformations on mica is proposed. It implies the immobilization of PE molecules in the nm-thickness salt layer formed on mica surface at ambient conditions after PE deposition and the presence along the chain of multiple expanded chain folds. Only isolated lamellae and lamellar domains of a monolayer height are observed on graphite samples. The substrate/polymer epitaxial incommensurability important for the observation of the PE linear chain surface conformations is discussed from the comparison of the results obtained for mica and graphite, the coil-to-crystal intramolecular transformation is assumed to be inhibited on mica surface. The slow disintegration of the original gel structure of PE stock-solution used for the high-temperature depositions was found to result in the characteristic large-scale morphological heterogeneity of the samples. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 766-777, 2010