In 2004, it is estimated that 1.18 kg I-TEQ of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) emitted from medical waste incinerators (MWIs) in China, accounting for 11.5% of the total PCDD/Fs emissions. So it is essential to assess the environmental impact of MWIs. A new MWI of China was started operation in May 2007, and implemented an advanced technology in the combustion and air pollution control system by the BAT/BEP guideline in August 2008. From 2007 to 2009, levels of PCDD/Fs were determined in soil collected in the vicinity of this MWI. The blank survey (2007) was conducted before the start-up operation of this plant. After the operation, soil samples were collected again at the same sampling sites as the blank survey. The average concentration of PCDD/Fs in soil increased from 1.13 pg I-TEQg(-1) to 2.29 pg I-TEQg(-1) after 1 year operation of the MWI (2007-2008), and a marked decrease (0.50 pg I-TEQg(-1)) was observed during 2008-2009. In addition, the current level (2009) was still higher than the blank value (2007). The composited analysis of the experimental results indicated levels of PCDD/Fs were still comparative lower and a limited neighbourhood of the MWI was slightly affected by the emission from this incinerator, meanwhile other un-known PCDD/Fs sources and potential influenced factors could not be neglected in this investigated region. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.