Utilizing renewable biomass is becoming important part of strategy to lower the total emissions of CO2. Abundant biomass resources can be transformed into sustainable valuable chemical intermediates for the production of plastics, fine chemicals, and fuels. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) has already been considered as one of the valuable platform chemical intermediates. Herein, we prepared various types of ionic liquids (ILs) immobilized polymer catalysts for dehydration of fructose to 5-HMF. Ionic liquids have not only attracted as environment-friendly reaction medium, but also contributed efficient catalytic performance by combination of various anions and cations. Among the ionic liquid catalysts investigated, sulfonate functionalized butylimidazolium immobilized polymer catalyst showed the best catalytic activity and gave good yield of product.