Colloidal CdS nanorods with diameters near 4 nm and narrow size distributions (similar to +/- 10%) were synthesized up to 300 ran long by a sequential reactant injection technique that utilizes phosophonic acids as capping ligands. The phosphomic acid strongly passivates the nonpolar CdS surfaces and sequential reactant injection provides controlled CdS formation kinetics to enable heterogeneous and facet-selective CdS deposition on the more reactive 10021 surfaces. With this process, the nanorod length can be systematically increased by increasing reactant addition to extend nanorod growth. The phosphonic acid concentration, however, is quite important, as "low" concentrations allow radial deposition and branching to occur. These high aspect ratio (> 100) CdS nanorods luminesce with relatively high efficiencies of 10.8% quantum yield at room temperature. The luminescence, however, mostly arises from trap-related recombination, and the emission is significantly red-shifted from the absorption edge. Various surface passivation treatments were explored to eliminate trap emission and increase the luminescence quantum yield. Thiol and amine passivation both significantly reduced trap emission and enhanced band-edge emission, but the total luminescence quantum yields dropped significantly, with a maximum measured value of 1.5% for the amine-passivated CdS nanorods.