The removal of cadmium, arsenic, and lead from drinking and irrigation water is a recurring challenge, especially in developing countries. Cost considerations can make it expedient to use local materials, produced in agricultural or industrial operations, as adsorbents for these toxins. Performance of these materials may not always be optimal, but their immediate availability often makes them attractive choices. This review presents a compilation of adsorption techniques, many of which are based on the use of low-value products. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.