A leading strategy for control of mercury emissions from combustion processes involves removal of elemental mercury from the flue gas by injection of activated carbon sorbent. After particulate capture and disposal in a landfill, it is critical that the captured mercury remains permanently sequestered in the sorbent. The environmental stability of sorbed mercury was determined on two commercial, activated carbons, one impregnated using gaseous sulfur, and on two activated carbons that were impregnated with sulfur by reaction with SO2. After loading with mercury vapor using a static technique, the stability of the sorbed mercury was characterized by two leaching methods. The standard toxicity characteristic leaching procedure showed leachate concentrations well below the limit of 0.2 mg/L for all activated carbons. The nature of the sorbed mercury was further characterized by a sequential extraction scheme that was specifically optimized to distinguish clearly among the highly stable phases of mercury. This analysis revealed that there are two forms in which mercury is sequestered. In the sorbent that was impregnated by gaseous sulfur at a relatively low temperature, the mercury is present predominantly as HgS. In the other three sorbents, including two impregnated using SO2, the mercury is predominantly present in the elemental form, physisorbed and chemisorbed to thiophene groups on the carbon surface. Both forms of binding are sufficiently stable to provide permanent sequestration of mercury in activated carbon sorbents after disposal. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.