Oil shale and fly ash collected from two thermal power plants located in Huadian, the northeast city of China were subjected to fraction distribution, translocation regularity and toxicity assessment to provide preliminary assessment of suitability for land application. By Tessier sequential extraction, the results showed that Ni, Cr, Pb and Zn were mostly bounded with iron-manganese and organic bound in oil shale, but Cu and Cd were mostly associated with iron-manganese bound and residue fraction. Through circulated fluidized-bed combustion, high concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Zn) was found in iron-manganese bound and residue fraction in fly ash. There was accumulation of all studied metals except Ni and Cr in fly ash and translocation mass of metals were as follows: Pb > Zn > Cu > Cd during circulated fluidized-bed combustion. Fly ash was contaminated with Cd higher than the pollution concentration limits listed in GB151168-1995, China. This work demonstrated that it was unadvisable way to carry out landfill without any treatment. By means of STI model. toxicity assessment of heavy metals was carried out to show that there was notable increase in toxicity from oil shale to fly ash. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.