This paper reports heat transfer and friction characteristics of three tubes having a conical. three-dimensional roughness on the inner tube surface with water flow in the tube. The TO truncated cone tube has twice the cone area density as TC2 and provides a Nusselt number 3.74 times that of a plain tube. The h-value is 36% higher than TC2, but it has it has nearly 60% higher pressure drop. The three-dimensional roughness offers potential for considerably higher heat transfer enhancement (e.g., 50% higher) than is given by helical ridged tubes, such as the Turbo-B type. The two truncated cone tubes provide 14-20% higher h-value than the commercial Wolverine Turbo Bill tube. Further, they have both have approximately 5% higher efficiency index than Turbo Bill. Accelerated particular fouling data are also provided for 3-D tube TC3, and for helical-ribbed tubes. The results show that although the 3-D tube provided the highest heat transfer coefficient, relative to a plain tube (h/h(p)), it also had the highest asymptotic fouling resistance, relative to a plain tube (R*(f)/R*(p);). Significant long-term fouling would not be expected in applications using relatively clean water. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.