Synthesis of phenolic resol resins using cornstalk-derived bio-oil produced by direct liquefaction in hot-compressed phenol-water

Mingcun Wang; Mathew Leitch; Chunbao Charles Xu

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.15, No.6, 870-875, November, 2009

DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2009.09.015 Export Citation

Synthesis of phenolic resol resins using cornstalk-derived bio-oil produced by direct liquefaction in hot-compressed phenol-water

Mingcun Wang, Mathew Leitch¹, and Chunbao Charles Xu^†

Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1
¹Faculty of Forestry and Forest Environment, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1

E-mail:

For the synthesis of biomass-based resol resins, cornstalk powders were liquefied in a hot-compressed phenol.water (1:4, wt./wt.) medium at 300-350 ℃. It was observed that essentially no phenol was reacted with the cornstalk degradation intermediates during the liquefaction process. The cornstalkderived bio-oils contained oligomers of phenol and substituted phenols, originated primarily from the lignin component of the cornstalk feedstock. Using the cornstalk-derived bio-oils, resol resins were readily synthesized under the catalysis of sodium hydroxide. The biomass-derived resol resins were brown viscous liquids, possessing broad molecular weight distributions. In comparison with those of a conventional phenol resol resin, the properties of the bio-based resins were characterized by GPC, FTIR, DSC and TGA. The as-synthesized bio-oil resol resin exhibited typical properties of a thermosetting phenol.formaldehyde resin, e.g., exothermic curing temperatures at about 150-160 ℃, and an acceptable residual carbon yield of ca 56% at 700 ℃ for the cured material.

Keywords:Phenolic resin;Resol;Bio-oil;Liquefaction

[References]

Biomass Research and Development Technical Advisory Committee, Roadmap for Biomass Technologies in the U.S., U.S. Department of Energy, 2002 http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html.
Dorrestijn E, Laarhoven L, Arends I, Mulder P, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 54, 153 (2000)
Alma MH, Yoshioka M, Yao Y, Shiraishi N, Wood Sci. Technol., 30, 39 (1996)
Mun SP, Ku CS, Park SB, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 13(1), 127 (2007)
Yokoyama T, Kazuhiko H, Nakajima A, Seino K, Sekiyu Gakkaishi, 41, 144 (1998)
Xu C, Etcheverry T, Fuel, 87, 335 (2008)
Lee SH, Ohkita T, Wood Sci. Technol., 37, 29 (2003)
Saisu M, Sato T, Watanabe M, Adschiri T, Arai K, Energy Fuels, 17(4), 922 (2003)
Maldas D, Shiraishi N, Biomass Bioenerg., 12(4), 273 (1997)
Alma MH, Basturk MA, Ind. Crops Prod., 24, 171 (2006)
Lee SH, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 87(8), 1365 (2003)
Van der Klashorst GH, in: Pizzi A (Ed.), Chemistry and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989, p. 155.
Cetin NS, Ozmen N, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 22, 477 (2002)
Alma MH, Basturk MA, Shiraishi N, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40(22), 5036 (2001)
Wang M, Xu C, Leitch M, Biores. Technol., 100, 2305 (2009)
Effendi A, Gerhauser H, Bridgwater AV, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 12, 2092 (2008)
Kabyemela BM, Takigawa M, Adschiri T, Malaluan RM, Arai K, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37(2), 357 (1998)
Rezzoug SA, Capart R, Appl. Energy, 72(3-4), 631 (2002)
Lee SH, Wang S, Holzforschung, 59, 628 (2005)
Wahyudiono, Sasaki M, Goto M, Chem. Eng. Process., 47(9-10), 1609 (2008)
Mansouri NE, Salvado J, Ind. Crops Prod., 24, 8 (2006)
Fernandez B, Corcuera MA, Marieta C, Mondragon I, Eur. Polym. J., 37, 1863 (2001)
Wang M, Wei L, Zhao T, Eur. Polym. J., 41, 903 (2005)
Alonso MV, Oliet M, Perez JM, Rodriguez F, J. Echeverria, Thermochim. Acta, 419, 161 (2004)
Prime B, in: Turi E (Ed.), Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials, Academic Press, New York, 1981, p. 435.
Kissinger HE, Ann. Chem., 29, 702 (1957)
Crane LW, Dynes PJ, Kaelble DH, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. Edn., 11, 533 (1973)

[Referenced By]

[1] Biomass Research and Development Technical Advisory Committee, Roadmap for Biomass Technologies in the U.S., U.S. Department of Energy, 2002 http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html.

[2] Dorrestijn E, Laarhoven L, Arends I, Mulder P, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 54, 153 (2000)

[3] Alma MH, Yoshioka M, Yao Y, Shiraishi N, Wood Sci. Technol., 30, 39 (1996)

[4] Mun SP, Ku CS, Park SB, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 13(1), 127 (2007)

[5] Yokoyama T, Kazuhiko H, Nakajima A, Seino K, Sekiyu Gakkaishi, 41, 144 (1998)

[6] Xu C, Etcheverry T, Fuel, 87, 335 (2008)

[7] Lee SH, Ohkita T, Wood Sci. Technol., 37, 29 (2003)

[8] Saisu M, Sato T, Watanabe M, Adschiri T, Arai K, Energy Fuels, 17(4), 922 (2003)

[9] Maldas D, Shiraishi N, Biomass Bioenerg., 12(4), 273 (1997)

[10] Alma MH, Basturk MA, Ind. Crops Prod., 24, 171 (2006)

[11] Lee SH, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 87(8), 1365 (2003)

[12] Van der Klashorst GH, in: Pizzi A (Ed.), Chemistry and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1989, p. 155.

[13] Cetin NS, Ozmen N, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., 22, 477 (2002)

[14] Alma MH, Basturk MA, Shiraishi N, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40(22), 5036 (2001)

[15] Wang M, Xu C, Leitch M, Biores. Technol., 100, 2305 (2009)

[16] Effendi A, Gerhauser H, Bridgwater AV, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 12, 2092 (2008)

[17] Kabyemela BM, Takigawa M, Adschiri T, Malaluan RM, Arai K, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37(2), 357 (1998)

[18] Rezzoug SA, Capart R, Appl. Energy, 72(3-4), 631 (2002)

[19] Lee SH, Wang S, Holzforschung, 59, 628 (2005)

[20] Wahyudiono, Sasaki M, Goto M, Chem. Eng. Process., 47(9-10), 1609 (2008)

[21] Mansouri NE, Salvado J, Ind. Crops Prod., 24, 8 (2006)

[22] Fernandez B, Corcuera MA, Marieta C, Mondragon I, Eur. Polym. J., 37, 1863 (2001)

[23] Wang M, Wei L, Zhao T, Eur. Polym. J., 41, 903 (2005)

[24] Alonso MV, Oliet M, Perez JM, Rodriguez F, J. Echeverria, Thermochim. Acta, 419, 161 (2004)

[25] Prime B, in: Turi E (Ed.), Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials, Academic Press, New York, 1981, p. 435.

[26] Kissinger HE, Ann. Chem., 29, 702 (1957)

[27] Crane LW, Dynes PJ, Kaelble DH, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. Edn., 11, 533 (1973)