This paper is concerned with the use of fly ash as a binder and concentrates on its use in this role in concrete. It considers how fly ash utilisation has developed in the UK and Europe over the last 30 years and demonstrates that, as with other countries worldwide, it is still under used. From this, methods to further extend the material＇s use are examined. This is based around existing limitations in national standards, modifying concrete mix constituents and proportions, and through developments in binder compositions. It is illustrated that the use of coarse, high LOI and conditioned fly ash as a binder is feasible and this should provide opportunities for substantial increases in use. In addition, effective use of other concrete constituent materials, including suitable Portland cements and admixtures, can enable more to be obtained from fly ash, as can refined methods of mix proportioning. It is demonstrated that fly ash has a role to play in the development of high performance concretes through the use of multi-binder combinations. Coverage is also given to the role of post-production processing in ensuring fly ash suitability as a binder. It is shown that in other construction applications where cementitious binders are required, such as grouting and masonry, fly ash can be used and will give similar or improved properties compared to neat Portland cement binders.