A mathematical model is presented for the combustion of municipal solid waste in a reciprocating incinerator. The most preferable incinerator is determined by detailed simulation and analysis of different incinerator shapes. Furthermore, the optimal design and operating parameters are obtained by analyzing the injection angle and velocity of the secondary air. Both the results of numerical simulation and practical operation show favorable combustion state, low contaminants emission, and suitability for the combustion characteristics of Chinese municipal waste and the treating requirements. This study provides an important reference for the optimizing design and operation of municipal solid waste incinerator. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.