Our aim was to clarify the role of anti-phospholipid antibodies in the pathogenesis of monocyte tissue factor (TF) expression and thromboembolic complications (TE) in patients with SLE. We examined cell surface expression of TF on monocytes in 93 SLE patients. Monocyte TF expression was significantly higher in SLE patients who had TE than in other SLE patients, and confirmed that the high expression of monocyte TF was a strong risk factor for TE. Furthermore, the presence of anti-cardiolipin/beta 2-glycoprotein I antibodies (anti-CL/beta 2-GPI) was strongly associated with the high expression of monocyte TF. We therefore studied the in vitro effect of IgG anti-CL/beta 2-GPI on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of TF on monocytes in healthy peripheral blood and found that purified IgG containing anti-CL/beta 2-GPI significantly enhanced LPS-induced monocyte TF expression. These results suggest that anti-CL/beta 2-GPI cause persistently high TF expression on monocyte, which may contribute to the risk of thromboembolic events in SLE patients. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.