Aims: To measure the survival of enteric micro-organisms in agricultural soil amended with conventional and enhanced treated biosolids in relation to environmental and edaphic conditions. Methoda and Results: Escherichia coli, Salmonella and F-specific RNA bacteriophage were enumerated in sludge and amended soil. Salmonella was not detected and only small numbers of bacteriophages were found in conventional, dewatered mesophilic anaerobically digested biosolids (DMAD). Neither organism was detected in soil. Escherichia coli numbers in soil increased with DMAD application compared with the unamended control, or soil receiving enhanced treated, thermally dried digested (TDD) and composted (CPT) biosolids. Empirical statistical models were developed summarizing the relationship between soil temperature, moisture content and time and E. coli populations. Background numbers of E. coli declined with increasing soil temperature and decreasing soil moisture responding to seasonal patterns in environmental conditions. Time following application was the only significant explanatory variable of E. coli numbers and decay in DMAD-amended soil. Conclusions: E. coli are an indigenous component of the microbial community in field soil and populations increased in cool, moist soil during autumn-winter and declined in warm, dryer soil during spring-summer. Enhanced treated biosolids were not a source of E. coli, but reduced the size of the indigenous population possibly by stimulating the activity of predatory and competing soil flora because of the organic substrate input from sludge. Conventionally treated biosolids increased E. coli numbers in soil. However, introduced bacteria declined rapidly and survival was limited to 3 months, irrespective of the timing of sludge application or environment. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results provide assurance that residual numbers of pathogens applied to soil in treated biosolids decay to background values well within cropping and harvesting restrictions imposed when sewage sludge is spread on farmland.