An increased emphasis on prevention of fatalities due to thrombovascular disorders is broadening opportunities for several cardiovascular agents, especially plasminogen activators, for preventing strokes and heart attacks. Hence, urokinase, as one of the most potent plasminogen activators is attracting a great deal of attention. Developments in cell lines and bioprocess technology have made it possible to produce urokinase from in vitro cell culture. Attempts are now underway to enhance urokinase production from cell culture through media manipulation, bioreactor cultivation, and innovative purification techniques. Downstream processing also poses an intricate problem due to the complexity of cell culture extracts, susceptibility of urokinase to autocatalytic and proteolytic degradation and due to the presence of plasminogen activator inhibitors in the culture media. Hence, enhancing cellular productivity and downstream product recovery continue to be major challenges as discussed in this review. Furthermore, an approach for integrated upstream and downstream processing is needed to develop an economically viable technology. In the present review the emerging trends in urokinase production and purification have been discussed in detail. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.