alpha-Synuclein (AS), a major component of Lewy body in Parkinson's disease patients, exists as a natively unfolded protein in physiological buffer. We recently found that the overexpressed AS in Escherichia coli bearing the cloned AS cDNA with no signal sequence was actually located inside the periplasm. but not in the cytoplasm as generally recognized. Therefore, a new protocol for preparing recombinant AS has been developed with only two steps: (1) osmotic shock for release of AS-containing periplasm fraction and (2) ion-exchange chromatography for further purification of AS. By using plasmids and E coli strains commonly used the new protocol is much more convenient, faster, and cheaper compared to the current methods established since 1994. About 80 mg AS with 95% purity can be regularly prepared from a 1 L culture in 3 days. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.