Over the past decades, bioactive glass has played a central role in the bone regeneration field, due to its excellent bioactivity, osteoconductivity, and even osteoinductivity. Herein, exploitation of bioactive glass as a one-dimensional nanoscale fiber by employing an electrospinning process based on a sol-gel precursor is reported for the first time. Under controlled processing conditions, continuous nanofibers have been generated successfully with variable diameters. The excellent bioactivity of the nanofiber is confirmed in vitro within a simulated body fluid by the rapid induction of bonelike minerals onto the nanofiber surface. The bone-marrow-derived cells are observed to attach and proliferate actively on the nanofiber mesh, and differentiate into osteoblastic cells with excellent osteogenic potential. The bioactive nanofibers have been further exploited in various forms, such as bundled filament, nanofibrous membrane, 3D macroporous scaffold, and nanocomposite with biopolymer, suggesting their versatility and potential applications in bone-tissue engineering. Based on this study, the bioactive nanofibrous matrix is regarded as a promising next-generation biomaterial in the bone-regeneration field.