This paper deals with energy end-use models for pulp, paper, and paperboard mills. The models are consistent with data published in the U.S. Department of Energy＇s 1991 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS). A graphical framework for depicting these energy flows is presented. Development of these models is a key step in creating energy process-step models for pulp, paper, and paperboard production. The applicability of the modeling approach and framework to other industries is discussed.