Despite the importance of MMP activity in the regulation of angiogenesis, relatively little is known about the role of TIMP-4, the most recently discovered endogenous MMP inhibitor, in modulating neovascularization. It has largely been assumed that all TIMPs are capable of inhibiting angiogenesis in vivo. However, it is now widely appreciated that TIMPs-1, -2, and -3 differ significantly in their ability to modulate angiogenic processes in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. In order to study the effect of TIMP-4 in controlling angiogenesis, we have cloned and expressed TIMP-4 in a Pichia pastoris expression system, purified it to homogeneity, and tested its ability to regulate angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Our studies demonstrate that TIMP-4 is an inhibitor of capillary endothelial cell migration, but not of proliferation or of angiogenesis in vivo. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.