Hyperthermia. which is used as an adjunctive therapy for cancer, is known to modulate the activity of natural killer (NK) cells in vitro, but its effect in vivo is unclear. In the present study, we used a whole body hyperthermia (WBH) device heated by infrared rays to evaluate the effect of WBH on mice models. We demonstrate here that wild type C57BL/6J mice exposed to 42 degrees C for 60 min had reduced NK cell cytolytic activity against YAC-1 target cells as determined by cytolytic assay. This result was confirmed using Rag-2 knockout mice, which possess functional NK but not cytolytic T or NK-T cells. Moreover, WBH decreased the mRNA expression of perform and granzyme B in spleens of mice. But the expression of TNF cytokines (Fas ligand and TRAIL) was unchanged. These data suggest that the suppression of NK cell activity induced by WBH Could be mediated through the perforin/granzyme pathway. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.