Adiponectin, an adipose-derived hormone, exhibits various biological functions, such is increasing insulin sensitivity. protecting hypertension. and Suppression of atherosclerosis, liver fibrosis, and tumor growth. Here. we report the role of adiponectin on bone metabolism. C57BL/6J mice were treated with adenovirus expressing lacZ or adiponectin. and their bones were analyzed by three-dimensional microcomputed tomography. Adiponectin-adenovirus treatment increased trabecular bone mass. accompanied by decreased number of osteoclasts and levels of plasma NTx. a bone-resorption marker. In vitro Studies showed that adiponectin inhibited M-CSF- and RANKL-induced differentiation of mouse bone marrow macrophages and human CD14-positive mononuclear cells into osteoclasts and also suppressed the bone-resorption activity of osteoclasts. Furthermore, adiponectin enhanced mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase and mineralization activity of MC3T3-El osteoblasts. Our results indicate that adiponectin exerts an activity to increase bone mass by suppressing osteoclastogenesis and by activating osicoblastogenesis. suggesting that adiponectin manipulation could be therapeutically beneficial for patients with osteopenia, © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.