The phase formation and microstructure of titanium oxides and composites produced by Ar-O-2 thermal plasma oxidation of titanium carbide powders were investigated in. detail by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Relationships between the phase compositions and microstructures of the oxides were established by combined structural and phase analyses, in correlation with synthesis conditions and phase formation mechanisms. It is revealed that vapor condensation favored the formation of anatase, which existed as smaller particles, while liquid/solid oxidation favored the formation of rutile, which appeared as larger particles or composites. A higher oxygen input in the plasma gases (Ar + O-2) enhanced the formation of anatase due to impeded oxidation and evaporation. A small amount of Ti4O7 and Ti3O5 was detected in the larger particles coexisting with rutile or TiC. These suboxides were formed as intermediates in solid oxidation of TiC or precipitated from the Ti-C-O melt during cooling. Furthermore, extensive cracks, dislocations and stresses were observed in the monolithic rutile and composites, in association with the rapid quenching in this high-temperature in-flight oxidation process.