Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol.85, No.12, 2931-2937, 2002
Crystallographic facetting in sintered barium titanate
A commercial TiO2-excess BaTiO3 powder has been sintered and its microstructure analyzed for crystallographic facetting via both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Facetted grain surfaces are developed initially from {111} at a low temperature of 1215degreesC, which are then altered to {111} and {100} at 1290degreesC in the presence of a grain-boundary liquid phase. The grain shape is also modified correspondingly from platelike to polygonal. Facetting of the intragranularly located residual pores in BaTiO3 along the {141} planes further develops on the (quasi-)equilibrium shape after annealing at 1400degreesC for 100 h from the initially well-characterized {111}, {110}, and {100} in as-sintered samples sintered at the same temperature for 10 h. The Wulff plots derived from the residual pores in as-sintered and annealed samples are constructed for the [011] zone. Microstructural analysis also suggests that the shape of grains and intragranular residual pores is modified progressively upon annealing. The initial solid-vapor surface energy has become less anisotropic crystallographically. Abnormal grain growth in relation to the surface energy anisotropy is discussed.