Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol.85, No.7, 1841-1844, 2002
Equilibrium shape of internal cavities in ruby and the effect of surface energy anisotropy on the equilibrium shape
Cavities formed in ruby (99.46Al(2)O(3).0.54Cr(2)O(3)) by the healing and annealing of indentation cracks at 1600degreesC are more equiaxed than similar cavities in sapphire. Surface energies for the observed facet planes (R, S, and A) relative to the surface energy of the basal plane, C, were gamma(A/C) = 1.00 +/- 0.03, gamma(R/C) = 1.05 +/- 0.07, and gamma(S/C) = 1.02 +/- 0.04, with the uncertainty representing 95% confidence limits. Thus, the surface energies of all observed facets were statistically indistinguishable. Unlike sapphire, P-plane facets were not observed. The substantial rounding of the cavities in ruby indicated that portions of the Wulff shape were above the roughening transition temperature. Thus, even though Cr2O3 and Al2O3 form ideal solutions, Cr3+ ions are sufficiently surface active to modify the relative free energy of the surfaces.