In this study, lightweight 100% cotton fabric was successfully modified by the sol-gel process to impart high ultraviolet radiation (UVR) scattering property to the fabric surface. Active ingredients were tetraethyl orthotitanate [Ti(OCH2CH3)(4)] and tetraethyl orthosilicate [Si(OCH2CH3)(4)]. The cotton fabric was padded with the nanosol solution, dried at 60 degrees C, and cured at 150 degrees C. Scanning electron microscopy showed continuous and uniform film on the fiber surface. Excellent UVR scattering was obtained with all treated fabrics. Increasing titania content in the nanosol solution leads to increased UVR protection. This is attributed to the increase of the refractive index of the film formed on the fabric surface. Excellent durability of the treatment was obtained, which indicates a good adhesion between the coating and the fabric surface. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.