In this work, we have identified key process parameters to generate parallel unidirectional 1D assemblies of gold nanoparticles with the assistance of organic surfactants. By controlling the surfactant population, metal particle size, and amount of solvent for dispersion, the length of nanoparticle chains and their interchain space can be further tailored. In principle, the general findings of this work can also be extended to largescale 1D organization of other transition/noble metal nanoparticles using simple organic surfactants.