Management of the water and heat ejected as byproducts in an operating PEM fuel cell stack are crucial factors in their optimal design and safe operations. Models currently available for a PEM fuel cell are based on either empirical or 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Both models do not fully meet the need to represent physical behavior of a stack because of either their simplicity or complexity. We propose a highly dynamic PEM fuel cell stack model, taking into account the most influential property of temperature affecting performance and dynamics. Simulations have been conducted to analyze start-up behaviors and the performance of the stack in conjunction with the cells. Our analyses demonstrate static and dynamic behaviors of a stack. Major results presented are as follows: (1) operating dependent temperature gradient across through-plane direction of the fuel cell stack, (2) endplate effects on the temperature profile during start-up process, (3) temperature profile influences on the output voltage of individual cells and the stack, (4) temperature influence on the water content in membranes of different cells, and (5) cathode inlet relative humidity influence on the temperature profile of the stack. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.