As generally seen benign, seawater desalination is not without environmental concerns of its own. All over the world, in thermal desalination plants, seawater feed is heated to extreme temperatures, mixed with chemicals and desalted to produce fresh desalinated water, together with by-product of concentrated brine-solutions that become released back into the sea. Today, all around the world, and in the Arabian Gulf Region in particular, much of the fresh water needs are being obtained from seawater through the various processes of desalination, which mainly include heat-based processes (e.g. Multi-Stage Flash (MSF), Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) and Vapour Compression (VC)) and membrane processes (Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO)). Concentrated brines from MSF plants (with TDS exceeding that of the seawater-feed, elevated temperatures and containing chemical-residuals) are, regrettably, discharged into the oceans and seas without any treatment, with an overwhelming world-wide conscious-disregard to the potential of hidden dangers and virulent effects on global marine eco-systems, while the effluent temperature plays a vital role in this orchestration. In the Arabian Gulf alone, MSF desalination plants treat huge volumes of seawater (in excess of 25 million m(3)/day) so to obtain desalinated water of approximate to 5-10 million m(3)/d (forgetting-not the other heat-based processes, such as MED, that are increasingly emerging into use today). The remainder (in the neighbourhood of about 20 million m3/day of very heated and concentrated brine) is returned back to the sea, an issue that has today become of growing controversial concerns. The product water recovery for most heat-based seawater desalination plants is between 15 and 50% (and that for membrane-based processes is between 30 and 40%), produced along with brine containing concentrated solution of all the dissolved solids that were originally present in the seawater-feed. On the other hand, the lesser saline brine (retentate) from SWRO desalination plants, where there is no heat involved (with less chemical