Recycled Fiber Quality- A Review

Mousa M. Nazhad

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.11, No.3, 314-329, May, 2005

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Recycled Fiber Quality- A Review

Mousa M. Nazhad^†

Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

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Recycling effect on fiber properties depends on the pulping or papermaking history. However, the effects fade away after the fifth cycle. Some recycled pulps at the worst-case scenario lose 10%~30% of its original strength after fifth -cycle, so, it is yet a valuable raw material. The cited literature suggests that the paper strength is a consequence of many different interactions. Therefore, attributing the strength loss or gain to a single factor might be oversimplification of the whole issue. However, the contemporary observations overall support the fact that the specific bond strength (SBS) plays a major role in these developments. Based on this fact, the loss in paper strength properties could be restored by increasing the surface bonding agents of the fibers.

Keywords:recycling;fiber;paper strength

[References]

Gottching L, in Recycled fibers and Deinking, Book 7, Published by Fapet Oy, 12 (2000)
Renner K, Deinkability of printing inks, Book 7, Ed. Gottsching Fapet, 267 (2000)
Tam, Nazhad MM, Tappi Fall Conference and Trade fair, SanDiego (2002)
Houtman C, Seiter D, Sutherland NS, Donermeyer, Tappi Fall Conference and Trade fair, SanDiego (2002)
Howard RC, Bichard WJ, JPPSc., 4(18): J151 (1992)
Valade JL, Law KN, Peng XY, Progress in paper recycling, 3(2): 60 (1994)
Chatterjee A, Roy DN, Whitting P, CPPA, Tech. Section, 78th annual meeting, A277 (1992)
Alanko K, Master Thesis, Department of Forest Products Technology, Hesinki University of Technology, pp. 51 (1993)
Tuan NQ, Master project, Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology (2001)
Alanko K, Master Thesis, Department of Forest Products Technology, Hesinki University of Technology, pp. 51 (1993)
Howard RC, JPPSc., 16(5), J143 (1990)
Nazhad MM, Paszner L, Tappi, 77(9), 171 (1994)
Nazhad MM, Appita Journal, May (2004)
Eastwood FG, Clarke B, in Trans. BPBIF, Symp. Fiber water interactions in papermaking, V: II, London, 835 (1978)
Page DH, in Trans. Ninth Fundamental Res. Symp., C.F. Baker and Punton V.W., Eds. Vol. 1, London, 1-36 (1989)
Cross C, Bevan EJ, Taxtbook of Papermaking, Ed. Spon, F. N., 5th edition, London, 206 (1920)
Campbell WB, Pidgeon LM, Pulp Pap. Mag. Can., V: 6, 185 (1930)
Emertone HW, Fundamentals of Beating Process, Marshal Press, 84 (1957)
Stone JE, Scallan AM, Cell Chem. Technol., 2, 343 (1968)
Pelton R, Zhang J, Wagberg L, Rundlof M, Nord. Pulp Paper Res J, 15(5), 400 (2000)
Laine J, Lindstrom T, Brendberg C, Glad G, Nordmark, Part 5, 18(3), 325 (2003)
Store P, Nazhad MM, Kerekes RJ, TAPPI J., July (2001)
Koshkenhely K, Paulapura H, Research Seminar: Progress in pulp refining, Vancouver, Canada, 13 (2002)
Niskanen K, Karenlampi P, in 'Paper Physics', Book 16, Ed. Niskanen, K., published by FPET OY, 138 (1998)
Page DH, A theory for the tensile strength of paper, 52(4), 674 (1969)
Sjostrom E, Wood Chemistry-Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition, Academic press, pp. 293 (1993)
Pelton R, Zhang J, Wagberg L, Rundlof M, Nord. Pulp Paper Res J, 15(5), 400 (2000)
Mckenzie AW, Appita J., 37(7), 580 (1984)
Pelton R, Nord. Pulp Paper Res J, 113 (1993)
Neuman RD, Transaction of 10th fundamental research symposium held at Oxford, 969 (1993)
Lyne MB, Aspler JS, TAPPI J., 65(12), 98 (1982)
Back EL, Bloam F, Trans. Symp. Tech. Section, BPBMA, London, 545 (1966)
Putz HJ, Stikies in recycled fiber pulp, Ed. Gottsching, L., Book 7, Published by Fapet Oy, 456 (2000)
Retulaine E, Ph.D. dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Paper Technology, Finland, pp. 29 (1997)
Page DH, Tydeman PA, V:1, Transac. Symp., Cambridge, Technical section, BPBMA, London, pp. 317 (1966)
Giertz HW, in proceedings of EUCEPA/ European TAPPI Conference, Venice, pp. 39 (1964)
Giertz H, Rodland G, International Paper Physics Conference, Horison hot spring, BC, pp. 129 (1979)
Jentzen CA, TAPPI J., 47(7), 412 (1964)
Retulainen E, Nieminen K, Appita J., 46(1), 33 (1993)
Seth RS, Page DH, TAPPI J., 79(9), 206 (1996)
Haque MS, Master project, Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology (2003)
Law KN, Valad JL, Quan J, TAPPI J., 79(3), 167 (1996)
Reme PA, Helle T, Nordic PPRJ, 4(13) (1998)
Tuovinen O, Liimatainen H, Pap Puu, 76(8), 508 (1994)
Forseth T, Helle T, 83rth Ann. Mtg. Tech. Sec., preprints, pp. A125 (1997)
Nazhad MM, Progress in Paper Physics Semiar, Norway, 91 (2004)
McKee RC, Pap. Trad. J., 155(19), 33 (1971)
Jame G, Papier-Fbr./Wochbl. Papierfabr., 6, 187 (1944)
Jame G, TAPPI J., 41(11), 180A (1958)
Stone JE, Scallan AM, TAPPI J., 50, 496 (1967)
Scallan AM, Tigerstrom AC, JPPS., 18(5), 188 (1992)
Goring DAI, Discussion section, in Trans. BPBIF, Symp. Fiber water interactions in papermaking, V: II, London, 874 (1978)
Nissan AH, Discussion section, in Trans. BPBIF, Symp. Fiber water interactions in papermaking, V: II, London, 875 (1978)
Nazhad MM, Paszner L, Proceedings of Progress in Paper Physics-A seminar, Stockholm, Sweden, 93 (1996)
Freeland SA, Hrutfiord BF, TAPPI J., 77(4), 185 (1994)
Laivins GV, Scallan AM, in Products of papermaking, Ed. Baker, C., Fundamental Research Committee, London, 1235 (1993)
Nazhad MM, Intnl. Corrugated Containers Conference and Trade Fair, October (2001)
Healy E, Pulp Pap., 64(9), 138 (1990)
Heimburger S, Meng Y, Pulp Pap., 66(1), 79 (1992)
Clark J, J. d'A., Interscience, New York, 627 (1954)
Gally W, Formation and structure of paper, Trans. Symp. Oxford, 500 (1961)
Gurnagul N, Ju S, Page DH, JPPS, 27(3), 88 (2001)
Sachs IB, TAPPI J., 69(11), 124 (1986)
Sachs IB, Wood and Fiber Science, 20(3), 336 (1988)
Lumiainen J, TAPPI J., 75(8), 92 (1992)
Kaminski DF, Recycling symposium, Tappi Press, Chicago, USA, 483 (1997)
Nazhad MM, Sodtivarakul S, TAPPI J., 3(1) (2004)
Higgins HG, McKenzie AW, Appita J., 16(6), 145 (1963)
Zhang M, Hubbe MA, Venditti RA, Heitmann JA, TAPPI J., 55(2), 135 (2002)
Szwarcsztajn E, Przybysz K, in Trans. BPBIF, Symp. 'Fiber water interactinos in papermaking', V: II, London, 857 (1978)
Phoung DT, Master thesis, Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology (2004)

[Referenced By]

[1] Gottching L, in Recycled fibers and Deinking, Book 7, Published by Fapet Oy, 12 (2000)

[2] Renner K, Deinkability of printing inks, Book 7, Ed. Gottsching Fapet, 267 (2000)

[3] Tam, Nazhad MM, Tappi Fall Conference and Trade fair, SanDiego (2002)

[4] Houtman C, Seiter D, Sutherland NS, Donermeyer, Tappi Fall Conference and Trade fair, SanDiego (2002)

[5] Howard RC, Bichard WJ, JPPSc., 4(18): J151 (1992)

[6] Valade JL, Law KN, Peng XY, Progress in paper recycling, 3(2): 60 (1994)

[7] Chatterjee A, Roy DN, Whitting P, CPPA, Tech. Section, 78th annual meeting, A277 (1992)

[8] Alanko K, Master Thesis, Department of Forest Products Technology, Hesinki University of Technology, pp. 51 (1993)

[9] Tuan NQ, Master project, Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology (2001)

[10] Alanko K, Master Thesis, Department of Forest Products Technology, Hesinki University of Technology, pp. 51 (1993)

[11] Howard RC, JPPSc., 16(5), J143 (1990)

[12] Nazhad MM, Paszner L, Tappi, 77(9), 171 (1994)

[13] Nazhad MM, Appita Journal, May (2004)

[14] Eastwood FG, Clarke B, in Trans. BPBIF, Symp. Fiber water interactions in papermaking, V: II, London, 835 (1978)

[15] Page DH, in Trans. Ninth Fundamental Res. Symp., C.F. Baker and Punton V.W., Eds. Vol. 1, London, 1-36 (1989)

[16] Cross C, Bevan EJ, Taxtbook of Papermaking, Ed. Spon, F. N., 5th edition, London, 206 (1920)

[17] Campbell WB, Pidgeon LM, Pulp Pap. Mag. Can., V: 6, 185 (1930)

[18] Emertone HW, Fundamentals of Beating Process, Marshal Press, 84 (1957)

[19] Stone JE, Scallan AM, Cell Chem. Technol., 2, 343 (1968)

[20] Pelton R, Zhang J, Wagberg L, Rundlof M, Nord. Pulp Paper Res J, 15(5), 400 (2000)

[21] Laine J, Lindstrom T, Brendberg C, Glad G, Nordmark, Part 5, 18(3), 325 (2003)

[22] Store P, Nazhad MM, Kerekes RJ, TAPPI J., July (2001)

[23] Koshkenhely K, Paulapura H, Research Seminar: Progress in pulp refining, Vancouver, Canada, 13 (2002)

[24] Niskanen K, Karenlampi P, in 'Paper Physics', Book 16, Ed. Niskanen, K., published by FPET OY, 138 (1998)

[25] Page DH, A theory for the tensile strength of paper, 52(4), 674 (1969)

[26] Sjostrom E, Wood Chemistry-Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition, Academic press, pp. 293 (1993)

[27] Pelton R, Zhang J, Wagberg L, Rundlof M, Nord. Pulp Paper Res J, 15(5), 400 (2000)

[28] Mckenzie AW, Appita J., 37(7), 580 (1984)

[29] Pelton R, Nord. Pulp Paper Res J, 113 (1993)

[30] Neuman RD, Transaction of 10th fundamental research symposium held at Oxford, 969 (1993)

[31] Lyne MB, Aspler JS, TAPPI J., 65(12), 98 (1982)

[32] Back EL, Bloam F, Trans. Symp. Tech. Section, BPBMA, London, 545 (1966)

[33] Putz HJ, Stikies in recycled fiber pulp, Ed. Gottsching, L., Book 7, Published by Fapet Oy, 456 (2000)

[34] Retulaine E, Ph.D. dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Paper Technology, Finland, pp. 29 (1997)

[35] Page DH, Tydeman PA, V:1, Transac. Symp., Cambridge, Technical section, BPBMA, London, pp. 317 (1966)

[36] Giertz HW, in proceedings of EUCEPA/ European TAPPI Conference, Venice, pp. 39 (1964)

[37] Giertz H, Rodland G, International Paper Physics Conference, Horison hot spring, BC, pp. 129 (1979)

[38] Jentzen CA, TAPPI J., 47(7), 412 (1964)

[39] Retulainen E, Nieminen K, Appita J., 46(1), 33 (1993)

[40] Seth RS, Page DH, TAPPI J., 79(9), 206 (1996)

[41] Haque MS, Master project, Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology (2003)

[42] Law KN, Valad JL, Quan J, TAPPI J., 79(3), 167 (1996)

[43] Reme PA, Helle T, Nordic PPRJ, 4(13) (1998)

[44] Tuovinen O, Liimatainen H, Pap Puu, 76(8), 508 (1994)

[45] Forseth T, Helle T, 83rth Ann. Mtg. Tech. Sec., preprints, pp. A125 (1997)

[46] Nazhad MM, Progress in Paper Physics Semiar, Norway, 91 (2004)

[47] McKee RC, Pap. Trad. J., 155(19), 33 (1971)

[48] Jame G, Papier-Fbr./Wochbl. Papierfabr., 6, 187 (1944)

[49] Jame G, TAPPI J., 41(11), 180A (1958)

[50] Stone JE, Scallan AM, TAPPI J., 50, 496 (1967)

[51] Scallan AM, Tigerstrom AC, JPPS., 18(5), 188 (1992)

[52] Goring DAI, Discussion section, in Trans. BPBIF, Symp. Fiber water interactions in papermaking, V: II, London, 874 (1978)

[53] Nissan AH, Discussion section, in Trans. BPBIF, Symp. Fiber water interactions in papermaking, V: II, London, 875 (1978)

[54] Nazhad MM, Paszner L, Proceedings of Progress in Paper Physics-A seminar, Stockholm, Sweden, 93 (1996)

[55] Freeland SA, Hrutfiord BF, TAPPI J., 77(4), 185 (1994)

[56] Laivins GV, Scallan AM, in Products of papermaking, Ed. Baker, C., Fundamental Research Committee, London, 1235 (1993)

[57] Nazhad MM, Intnl. Corrugated Containers Conference and Trade Fair, October (2001)

[58] Healy E, Pulp Pap., 64(9), 138 (1990)

[59] Heimburger S, Meng Y, Pulp Pap., 66(1), 79 (1992)

[60] Clark J, J. d'A., Interscience, New York, 627 (1954)

[61] Gally W, Formation and structure of paper, Trans. Symp. Oxford, 500 (1961)

[62] Gurnagul N, Ju S, Page DH, JPPS, 27(3), 88 (2001)

[63] Sachs IB, TAPPI J., 69(11), 124 (1986)

[64] Sachs IB, Wood and Fiber Science, 20(3), 336 (1988)

[65] Lumiainen J, TAPPI J., 75(8), 92 (1992)

[66] Kaminski DF, Recycling symposium, Tappi Press, Chicago, USA, 483 (1997)

[67] Nazhad MM, Sodtivarakul S, TAPPI J., 3(1) (2004)

[68] Higgins HG, McKenzie AW, Appita J., 16(6), 145 (1963)

[69] Zhang M, Hubbe MA, Venditti RA, Heitmann JA, TAPPI J., 55(2), 135 (2002)

[70] Szwarcsztajn E, Przybysz K, in Trans. BPBIF, Symp. 'Fiber water interactinos in papermaking', V: II, London, 857 (1978)

[71] Phoung DT, Master thesis, Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology (2004)