Energy & Fuels, Vol.18, No.1, 209-217, 2004
Yields of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolysis of catechol [ortho-dihydroxybenzene]: Temperature and residence time effects
To understand in more detail the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from complex fuels, we have performed pyrolysis experiments in a laminar-flow reactor, using the model fuel catechol (ortho-dihydroxybenzene), a phenol-type compound representative of structural entities in tobacco, coal, and wood. Catechol pyrolysis at temperatures of 700 to 1000 degreesC and residence times of 0.4 to 1 s produces a range of aromatic products, which have been analyzed by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection and by high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array ultraviolet-visible absorption detection. Of the 64 aromatic products identified, yields are reported for the 30 species whose yields are at least 0.005% of the mass of fed catechol, over a significant temperature range. The quantified products fall into 8 structural categories: benzene, benzenoid PAH, indene benzologues, fluoranthene benzologues, cyclopenta-fused PAH, ethynyl-substituted aromatics, alkyl-substituted aromatics, and vinyl-substituted aromatics. In general, the more prominent products within a particular structural class are more prominent at all temperatures examined, and the most prominent product in a class is usually 10 times more prevalent than other compounds in the same class. The product quantifications show that at 900-950 degreesC, the aromatic products account for up to 22% of the mass of fed catechol. At these higher temperatures, and all the way up to 1000 degreesC, there are also more quantifiable products that are the result of multiple ring-buildup steps (e.g., the larger benzenoid PAH) as well as an increase in the number and relative quantity of ethynyl-aromatics and cyclopenta-fused PAH. At the lower temperatures, indene is produced at especially high yield, indicative perhaps of a particular facility for the formation of indene from catechol. Also readily formed from catechol is benzene, the aromatic product of highest yield for the entire temperature range investigated. Experiments at different residence times show that at 800 degreesC the 0.4-1 s time interval is one of mostly increasing yields; at 1000 degreesC this same span of residence times sees mostly decreasing yields. The data reported here represent one of the most extensive quantifications of aromatic products from any fuel, and the only one for catechol.