Studies of analogues of a recently discovered enantioselective peptide-based catalyst for enantioselective acylation reactions have led to mechanistic insight and improved catalysts. Systematic replacement of each residue within the parent peptide with alanine of the appropriate stereochemistry allows for an unambiguous evaluation of the kinetic role of each amino acid side chain in the catalyst. The results of the alanine scan support a bifunctional catalysis mechanism at the heart of the origin of enantioselectivity. In addition, an experimentally derived solution structure of the peptide-based catalyst is presented that supports a key role for each residue within the peptide chain.