Full-scale measurements on a mineral melting cupola furnace for stone wool production have been made to investigate the behavior and increase the understanding of mineral melting cupolas. The work includes probe measurements of gas concentration, solid/melt phase and gas temperature, and melt composition at several vertical and radial positions in the cupola. Four types of experiments were conducted: quenching of an operating cupola, sample collection from the hot part of the cupola using probes through the walls, sample collection through a probe inserted from the top of the cupola, and collection of input and output data. The experiments showed the position of the melting zone, porosity, and other characteristics. The probe experiments indicate that the oxygen is consumed approximately 0.3 m above the tuyeres. The top probe experiments gave the temperature profile in the cupola.