Oligoribonucleotide analogues having amide internucleoside linkages (AM1: 3'-CH2CONH-5' and AM2: 3'-CH2NHCO-5') at selected positions have been synthesized and the thermal stability of duplexes formed by these analogues with complementary RNA fragments has been evaluated by UV melting experiments. Two series of oligomers with either 2'-OH or 2'-OMe vicinal to the amide linkages were studied. Monomeric synthons (3' and 5'-C amines and carboxylic acids) were synthesized as follows: For synthesis of the AM1 analogue, the known sequence of radical allylation followed by the cleavage of the double bond was adopted. For synthesis of the AM2 analogue, novel routes via addition of nitromethane followed by conversion of the nitro function to either amino or carboxyl groups were developed. Coupling of monomeric amines and carboxylic acids followed by protecting group manipulation and phosphonylation gave dimeric 3'-hydrogenphosphonate building blocks for oligonucleotide synthesis. Monomeric model compounds having 3'-amide and 2'-OH or 2'-OMe groups were also prepared and their conformational equilibrium was determined by H-1 NMR. The AM1 and AM2 models showed equal preferences for the North conformers (at 40 degreesC, 88-89% with 2'-OH, and 92-93% with 2'-OMe). At physiological salt concentration (0.1 M NaCl) the duplexes between AMI modified oligonucleotides and RNA had stability similar to unmodified RNA-RNA duplexes (Deltat(m) = -0.2 to +0.7 degreesC per modification). However, the AM2 modification resulted in substantial stabilization of duplexes: Deltat(m) = +1 to +2.4 degreesC per modification compared to all RNA. A 2'-O-methyl vicinal to the AM2 linkage further increased the duplex stability. Our results suggest that RNA analogues having amide internucleoside bonds are very promising candidates for medicinal applications.