Effect of the Photosensitizer on the Photorefractive Effect Using a Low Tg Sol-Gel Glass

Dong Hoon Choi; Woong Gi Jun; Kwang Yong Oh; Han Na Yoon; Jae Hong Kim

Macromolecular Research, Vol.11, No.4, 250-255, August, 2003

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Effect of the Photosensitizer on the Photorefractive Effect Using a Low Tg Sol-Gel Glass

Dong Hoon Choi^†, Woong Gi Jun, Kwang Yong Oh, Han Na Yoon, and Jae Hong Kim

College of Environment and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Kyungki 449-701, Korea

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We prepared the photorefractive sol-gel glass based on organic-inorganic hybrid materials containing a charge transporting molecule, second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore, photosensitizer, and plasticizer. Carbazole and 2-{4-[(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-methyl-amino]-benzylidene}-malononitrile were reacted with isocyanatotriethoxy silane and the functionalized silanes were employed to fabricate the efficient photorefractive media including 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF) to form a charge transfer complex. The prepared sol-gel glass samples showed a large net gain coefficient and high diffraction efficiency at a certain composition. As the concentration of photosensitizer increased, the photorefractive properties were enhanced due to an increment of charge carrier density. Dynamic behavior of the diffraction efficiency was also investigated with the concentration of the photosensitizer.

Keywords:sol-gel;photorefractivity;two-beam coupling;degenerated four wave mixing;gain coefficient;diffraction efficiency

[References]

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[1] Volodin BL, Sandalphon R, Meerholz K, Kippelen B, Kukhtarev NV, Peyghaambarian N, Opt. Eng., 34, 2213 (1995)

[2] Chang CJ, Whang WT, Hsu CC, Ding ZY, Hsu KY, Lin SH, Macromolecules, 32(17), 5637 (1999)

[3] Strutz SJ, Hayden LM, Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 2749 (1999)

[4] Goonesekera A, Wright D, Moerner WE, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 3358 (2000)

[5] Van Steenwinckel D, Engels C, Gubbelmans E, Hendrickx E, Samyn C, Persoons A, Macromolecules, 33(11), 4074 (2000)

[6] Moon H, Hwang J, Kim N, Park SY, Macromolecules, 33(14), 5116 (2000)

[7] Okamoto K, Nomura T, Park SH, Ogino K, Sato H, Chem. Mater., 11, 3279 (1999)

[8] Ho MS, Barrett C, Paterson J, Esteghamatian M, Natansohn A, Rochon P, Macromolecules, 29(13), 4613 (1996)

[9] Peng ZH, Gharavi AR, Yu LP, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119(20), 4622 (1997)

[10] Sohn J, Hwang J, Park SY, Lee JK, Lee JH, Chang JS, Lee GJ, Zhang B, Gong Q, Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 1422 (2000)

[11] Darracq B, Chaput F, Lahlil K, Boilot JP, Levy Y, Alain V, Ventelon L, Desce MB, Opt. Mater., 9, 265 (1998)

[12] Hsiue GH, Kuo WJ, Lin CH, Jeng RJ, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 17, 2336 (2000)

[13] Darracq B, Canva M, Chaput F, Boilot JP, Riehl D, Levy Y, Brun A, Appl. Phys. Lett., 70, 292 (1997)

[14] Choi DH, Hong HT, Jun WG, Oh KY, Opt. Mater., 21, 373 (2002)

[15] Kogelnik H, Bell. Syst. Tech. J., 48, 2909 (1969)

[16] Ono H, Kawamura T, Frias NM, Kitamura K, Kawatsuki N, Norisada H, Yamamoto T, J. Appl. Phys., 88, 3853 (2000)

[17] Cui Y, Swedek B, Cheng N, Zieba J, Prasad PN, J. Appl. Phys., 85, 38 (1999)

[18] Silence SM, Twieg RJ, Bjorklund GC, Moerner WE, Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 2047 (1994)

[19] Jones BE, Ducharme S, Liphardt M, Goonesekera A, Takacs JM, Zhang L, Athlaye R, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 11, 1064 (1994)

[20] Silence SM, Scott JC, Stankus JJ, Moerner WE, Moylan CR, Bjorklund GC, Twieg RJ, J. Phys. Chem., 99(12), 4096 (1995)