Novel VOx catalysts have been developed for the partial oxidation of methane to formaldehyde by air. High surface area mesoporous siliceous MCM-41 and MCM-48 materials have been used as supports to disperse vanadium oxide to prevalent monomeric, i.e., isolated vanadium oxide species, being necessary to minimize the consecutive oxidation of the desired product to carbon oxides. On these supports, a higher concentration of isolated active sites can be obtained than on conventional silica supports. Vanadium oxide was deposited by impregnation with aqueous solutions of NH4VO3 and VO(C2O4), respectively, followed by calcination of the precursor at 873 K for 16 h. The dispersity and the nature of the vanadium oxide species, i.e., their valence state, coordination, and location on and inside the pore walls, were studied by temperature-programmed reduction, potentiometric titration, solid state V-51 NMR, ESR, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy was used to characterize the acidic porperties. Different vanadium oxide species were observed: (i) (VOx)-O-IV and (VOx)-O-V species anchored to the siliceous MCM walls and (ii) (VOx)-O-IV and (VOx)-O-V species incorporated into the pore walls. (VOx)-O-V species anchored to the surface showed properties similar to those on conventional VOx/SiO2 catalysts. However, it was found that the VO, species carry acidic V-OH groups, at least partially. The catalytic properties of the catalysts were tested in a plug how reactor. Reaction orders with respect to methane and oxygen, respectively, as well as the apparent activation energy were comparable with those reported for vanadium oxide supported on precipitated silica, pointing to similar active sites. However, significant higher space-time yields of formaldehyde could be achieved amounting to about 2.2 kg . kg(cat)(-1) h(-1). Increased activity during cofeeding of steam could be observed due to the generation of (VO)-O-V(OH)(x)(OSi equivalent to)(3-x) surface species or the corresponding "reduced sites" (VO)-O-IV(OH)(x)(OSi equivalent to)(2-x) supposed as genuine active sites.