The anaerobic degradation of phenol was studied in a fed-batch culture. Nitrate was added as electron acceptor and phenol was provided three times, to a final concentration of 200 mg/l. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and terminal fraction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) were used and compared in order to monitor the microbial succession in the reactor. Phenol degradation started after an initial lag phase of 14 days and was then completed within a few days. In addition. the duration of the lag phase was shortened and the degradation rate was increased after each phenol amendment. Nitrate reduction correlated with microbial growth and phenol depletion, confirming that the degradation was carried out anaerobically. Results from the DNA analysis showed that the structure of the microbial community changed after each phenol amendment. This study confirms the potential for anaerobic degradation of environmental pollutants and also confirms that microbial acclimation towards faster degradation rates occurred upon repeated substrate amendments. Furthermore. both of the DNA-based techniques described the phenol degradation-linked community shifts with similar general results. RAPD is a faster, simpler technique that gives a higher resolution and consequently reflects the shifts in the microbial community structure better. whereas T-RFLP is more suitable for phylogenetic studies.