Thin Solid Films, Vol.393, No.1-2, 259-266, 2001
Taking advantage of optical and electrical properties of organic molecules for gas sensing applications
The discipline of molecular electronics has grown rapidly over the last 10 years and is driven by the promise of the enhanced applied physical properties of functionalised organic materials compared to their inorganic partners. The subject can be divided generally into two broad themes, namely active molecular-scale electronics (or photonics), in which the control or generation of charge (or photons) at the nanoscale is attempted, and passive supra-molecular electronics (or photonics), in which the specific functionality of the molecules is modified by some interaction or process. In this paper, an example of the latter approach to molecular electronics will be given and this will describe the gas sensing properties of a tetra-substituted porphyrin molecule. The optical absorbance spectrum of LB film assemblies of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4-bis[2-ethylhexyloxy]phenyl)-21H,23H-porphine(EHO) is highly sensitive to low concentrations of NO2. LB films prepared at much faster than conventional deposition rates (similar to 1000 min min(-1)) yield t(50) response and recovery times of 25 and 33 s, respectively, and show a sensitivity of 60% relative absorbance change (at 430 nm) for 4.4 ppm NO2. The morphology of these films is revealed using atomic force microscopy to contain isolated micron-size domains which are composed of grains of several nm in diameter. This unconventional structure leads to a useful sensing material as a result of the molecular functionality of the porphyrin coupled to the enhanced surface area of the porous film assembly. The EHO film shows a gradually diminishing optical response as its temperature is increased, resulting from the shift in the adsorption- desorption equilibrium towards desorption. The spectrum recovers fully after exposure to NO2. The rate of recovery is slow at room temperature but can be accelerated dramatically with gentle heating (similar to 350 K) for a few seconds. The kinetics of the gas sensing process have been modelled and found to fit Elovichian surface adsorption for an initial fast surface adsorption process. This is followed by a much slower diffusive process in which the NO2 molecules diffuse through the bulk of the assembly. The concentration dependence of the optical response over the range 0.8-4.4 ppm follows a Langmuir model.