The oxidation of chlorophenols by photoexcited uranyl ion was studied in aqueous solution at concentrations where the ground-state interactions were negligible. Nanosecond flash photolysis showed that a clean electron-transfer process from the chlorophenols to the excited uranyl ion is involved. This is suggested to lead to the formation of a U(V)/chlorophenoxyl radical pair complex. The efficiency of this charge-transfer process is unity for the three chlorophenols. However, low product yields suggest that in the absence of oxygen, back electron transfer, both within the radical pair and from separated uranium(V) to phenoxyl radicals, appears to be the major reaction pathway. In the presence of oxygen the quantum yields of disappearance of chlorophenol and of photoproduct formation increased. This leads to the conclusion that oxygen favors reaction with uranium(V) and/or the uranium(V)-phenoxyl radical pair, leading to the formation of the superoxide anion and its conjugate acid, HO2. which then regenerate UO22+. Based on this, a catalytic cycle for chlorophenol photooxidation involving uranyl ion and molecular oxygen is proposed.