ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations at the mediaeval site of Dmanisi (East Georgia) revealed that the town was built on a series of deposits yielding Late Villafranchian mammalian fossils and led to the discovery in late 1991 of a well preserved early human mandible. Dmanisi, where excavations are being carried out by a joint expedition of the Archaeological Research Centre of the Georgian Academy of Sciences and the Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum (Mainz, Germany), is located southwest of Tbilisi, at about 44 degrees 20’ N, 41 degrees 20’ E (Fig. 1). The fossils date Ifo the latest Pliocene (or perhaps to the earliest Pleistocene), probably between 1.8 and 1.6 million years ago (Myr). Here we identify the mandible as belonging to the species Home erectus, of which it is the earliest known representative in western Eurasia. It shows a number of similarities to the African and Chinese representatives of this species.