X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS and XANES) using synchrotron radiation offers a non-destructive technique capable of probing the local structural order around selected atomic species in materials. In addition, the intensity and penetrability afforded by the use of synchrotron sources means that real chemical systems can be examined in-situ without their removal from operating conditions as well as obviating the need for UHV environments. The basic principles associated with the generation of synchrotron radiation and of the technique of X-ray absorption spectroscopy are overviewed and illustrated through a number of examples. Future trends are also outlined.