The results of recent research on the production of aromatic hydrocarbons from biomass are summarized. Alternative types of catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass of diverse origin into bio-oil, as well as catalysts and carriers for the bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation process are reviewed. HZSM-5 zeolite is widely used as a catalyst for a biomass pyrolysis process. Oxygen-containing bio-oil compounds are converted into aromatic hydrocarbons with the best performance when noble metal-based catalysts are used, whereas acceptable performance is also achieved with molybdenum oxides and zirconium oxides. Experimental and computational data on the mechanisms of biomass components conversion to aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed.