Energy & Fuels, Vol.34, No.8, 9392-9400, 2020
Discontinuous Displacement at Solvent-Immobile Hydrocarbon Interfaces
Concerns over the environmental impacts of thermal production methods for bitumen and heavy oil have led to the exploration of alternative technologies including solvent-assisted production methods. While solvent-assisted production methods have been studied extensively, the apparent diffusion coefficients of the penetrating solvent 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those predicted for Fickian diffusion applicable to liquid mixtures are required to match production histories. "Surface renewal" and "sloughing" mechanisms have been advanced to explain these higher solvent penetration rates into reservoirs during production but have not been observed directly or included in physical models. In this work, we use high-resolution X-ray videography to investigate solvent penetration at interfaces between a model solvent (n-pentane) and model immobile reservoir fluid (octacosane) over time to observe "surface renewal" and "sloughing" directly for the first time. We show that for horizontal interfaces (octacosane below), interface displacement arises solely from diffusion and rates of displacement are slow (similar to 10(-2) mu m/s). For vertical pentane- octacosane interfaces and horizontal pentane-octacosane interfaces (pentane below), steady displacement rates, an order of magnitude greater than for diffusion alone, are punctuated by a rapid detachment of similar to 30 mu m layers of octacosane-enriched liquid from the interface at similar to 150 s intervals. For vertical interfaces that dominate production processes especially in thin reservoirs, average interface displacement rates around 0.5 mu m/s are realized. Our findings highlight the impact of interface orientation on interface displacement rate and provide quantitative insights into the kinetics of solvent-assisted bitumen and heavy oil production processes in high permeability reservoirs. Further experimental and theoretical study is required to understand and quantify interfacial displacement effects in low permeability reservoirs.